From Trauma to Trust: Police Practices in Initial Survivor Meetings
"Trauma-informed" has become a crucial term in law enforcement training nationwide over the past several years. Understanding how trauma affects the citizens we serve is essential for law enforcement to effectively support survivors of crime. The nuances of brain chemistry and the behavior of trauma survivors during incidents of sexual assault, domestic violence, or other violent crimes are now fundamental components of police education. Recognizing these aspects is vital for building trust with victims. They need to know that we will listen, believe them, and understand that their accounts may be fragmented, non-linear, and sometimes confusing.
The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) has incorporated fundamental principles of trauma into their "Officer-Involved Shooting Guidelines." For instance, they recommend providing officers involved in shootings with at least one sleep cycle before being interviewed and ensuring a secure, private setting for these interviews. This focus on officer well-being represents significant progress compared to the late 1990s when I began my career. However, law enforcement has not always extended the same understanding to survivors of crime. First impressions matter in any human interaction, whether it be with a new coworker, doctor, or server. This principle is equally important when survivors decide to trust someone with recounting what is often the worst experience of their lives. Unlike other initial encounters, most survivors lack a frame of reference for interacting with the police. Many have never been to a police station and are unfamiliar with what to expect.
Based on my experience, survivors want four basic things from a police officer when disclosing:
- They want to be believed.
- They want to feel safe.
- They want a quality, high-effort investigation by someone who knows what they are doing.
- They want to be informed frequently about the status of the investigation.
While this may seem straightforward, many officers are not equipped to meet these needs, especially when a disclosure occurs unexpectedly. Challenges are further compounded in communities with strained relationships with law enforcement. Here are some actionable steps for both responding officers and police department leaders to improve their interactions with survivors.
At the Door: Trauma-Informed Practices
Mindset
Upon determining that a disclosure is taking place, shift your mindset immediately. This is not an interrogation; it is an honor that this individual has chosen to trust you. Put away your tactical mindset and approach the situation with empathy and respect. The moment a survivor begins to share their experience, it’s imperative to recognize the gravity of this trust. Approach them with a compassionate mindset, acknowledging the courage it takes for them to come forward.
Privacy
Finding a private place to have this difficult discussion is crucial. Start by saying, "I want to give this the attention it deserves. Can you please wait a moment while I find us a quiet space?" Ideally, your department has a soft interview room. If not, consider setting one up with resources from Project Beloved. This ensures the survivor feels safe and respected, away from prying eyes and ears.
Minimize Distractions
If possible, inform your dispatcher that you are with a crime victim and ask them to contact you by phone if an emergency arises. Turning off your radio for a short period can help you focus on the survivor and show them the respect they deserve. This undivided attention not only helps you gather crucial information but also reinforces to the survivor that their experience and safety are your top priority.
Note-Taking and Body Cameras
Many survivors are unsure if a crime occurred or if they are ready to engage with the criminal justice system. Assure them that taking notes or recording the conversation is for accurate documentation and that the pace of the process will be guided by their comfort level. Preemptively explain, "I will be taking some notes to ensure I capture all the details accurately. This is just the first step, and we will proceed at a pace that feels right for you." This transparency helps build trust and reassures the survivor that their story is being taken seriously.
Patience
Trauma can cause survivors to recount their experiences in a disjointed manner. Be patient and ask open-ended questions, reassuring them that it is okay if they do not remember everything. Your role at this stage is to listen and make the survivor feel comfortable. Understand that their narrative might come out in bits and pieces and that creating a safe space for them to share without pressure is paramount.
The Four Corners of Receiving a Disclosure
These are the critical elements to address every time a disclosure is made:
Safety Plan
Ensure that the survivor is not returning to an environment where they are at risk of further harm. Immediate safety is paramount, especially if the perpetrator is still present. Develop a comprehensive safety plan that includes temporary housing or safe spaces and immediate protection measures if needed. This proactive approach not only safeguards the survivor but also demonstrates a commitment to their well-being.
Health Care and Physical Evidence
Understand that most times, there is a 120-hour window to get a sexual assault evidence kit done. Every officer should know which hospitals are equipped to handle these exams, including those for drug-facilitated assaults. Frame this as a healthcare concern, emphasizing the importance of ensuring the survivor's safety and health first, with decisions about next steps to follow. Communicate, "Your health and safety are our top priorities. Let's make sure you receive medical care, and we can discuss the next steps afterward." Also, be aware of digital evidence and take steps to secure it, such as ensuring the survivor is not being tracked via their phone.
Advocacy
Connect the survivor with an advocate as soon as possible. Call one to respond if possible, or at a minimum, get them connected. You have this amazing group of professionals who want to support survivors of crime that can not only help the survivor but help you as well. Advocates provide essential support to survivors and can assist law enforcement officers in navigating the process. Utilize their expertise to provide comprehensive care and support for the survivor.
Follow-Up
One of the most common complaints from survivors is the lack of communication regarding their case. Make sure the survivor has a direct way to reach you and keep them informed about the status of their case until it is handed over to a detective. Regular updates, even if there is no new information, help maintain trust and reassure the survivor that their case is being handled with care and diligence.
Conclusion
Our noble profession has struggled nationally to connect with sexual assault survivors. To regain their trust, we must improve our initial interactions. By implementing these trauma-informed practices, we can honor the trust survivors place in us and provide the support they need during their most vulnerable moments. This proactive, compassionate approach not only enhances the quality of our investigations but also reinforces our commitment to serving and protecting all members of our community. Please consider implementing these steps the next time someone does you the honor of disclosing.
Matthew Stegner
Matthew Stegner is a retired Senior Investigator from the New York State Police Bureau of Criminal Investigation, where he dedicated many years to serving and protecting the community. His career began in 1998 as a patrolman with the City of Atlanta Police Department, and in 2002, he joined the New York State Police. Over his 22 years there, he progressed from being a trooper to an investigator and eventually a Senior Investigator.
Throughout his career, Matthew handled various felony investigations, focusing on child exploitation, child abuse, sexual assault, domestic violence, and stalking. He worked closely with crime victim advocates to conduct trauma-informed interviews, emphasizing a compassionate approach to law enforcement.
Matthew played a significant role in designing the Sexual Assault Investigations training module for the New York State Police and serves as the lead instructor for the annual New York State Police Sexual Assault Seminar. His contributions to the field have been recognized with awards such as Trooper of the Year, Investigator of the Year, Special Recognition Investigator, and Supervisor of the Year by the New York State Police.
He holds an Associate’s degree from Erie Community College, a Bachelor’s degree from Hilbert College, and a Master’s Degree from the University at Albany, all in criminal justice.
Now retired from active duty, Matthew focuses on sharing his knowledge and experience through training and presentations, both nationally and internationally, helping others to improve their approach to criminal investigations and victim support.
